After ingestion, astaxanthin is absorbed in the small intestine and then transported to the liver where it binds to lipoproteins     for transport through the body. Its molecular structure enables it to attach to both the outer and inner surfaces of cell membranes, thus strengthening and protecting them from free radical attack. Because astaxanthin is an oxygenated carotenoid, it has superior antioxidant capabilities. It serves as an antioxidant by either scavenging free radicals or quenching singlet oxygen.  Although not as well understood, Astaxanthin also exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulating capabilities.  It is also thought that astaxanthin improves the immune defense system by modulating T cell-mediated responses.